UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA





                                                 LABORATORY REPORT 
                                    COSMECEUTICALS 
                                                                   (NFNF 2552)


         TITLE: DEODORANTS AND ANTI-PERSPIRANTS



GROUP
6
NAME
PANG JIE YI
A167798
NIK ANIS QISTINA BINTI NIK NAJHANNOR
A172143
RABIATUL SYAKIRAH BINTI AHMAD FAHMI
A169256
FARINA ZAHIDAH BINTI AB. AZIZ
A168417
LECTURER’S NAME
DR. HALIZA BINTI KATAS




SEMESTER II, SESSION 2018-2019
FACULTY OF PHARMACY



1.0 TITLE: DEODORANTS AND ANTI-PERSPIRANTS

1.1 OBJECTIVES:

a.       To differentiate the functions of each of the different ingredients used in the making of product

b.      To understand the function and rationale of differentiating the amount or type of fragrance incorporated in the product

c.       To evaluate the quality of the finished product

1.2 DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 23th April 2019


2.0 INTRODUCTION

Deodorants and antiperspirants are preparations that can mask, remove or reduce the unpleasant odour on the body due to sweat. Sweat on its own does not generally have a smell; bacteria present on the surface of the skin digests the sweat and the digestion and breakdown products cause the odour. Therefore, a deodorant functions by decreasing the bacteria population on the skin or by adding fragrance to the body to overcome the foul odour. On the other hands, the antiperspirant functions by reducing the production of sweat through its astringent property.

        Benevolent bacteria known as Corynebacteria are typically responsible for body odour. When we use antiperspirant or deodorant, we’re eliminating those smells by either preventing our glands from producing sweat, which starves off these bacteria, or killing them directly with other chemicals. But, these products don’t discriminate as they kill off microbes. Deodorant and antiperspirant use were stopped, culturable bacterial density increased. 


3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3.1 APPARATUS

a.       Evaporating dish

b.      Water bath

c.       Electronic balance

d.      Weighing boat

e.       Glass rod

f.       Thermometer

g.      Measuring cylinder

3.2 MATERIALS

a.     Beeswax

b.     Cocoa butter

c.     Coconut oil

d.     Silicone oil

e.     Vitamin E oil

f.     Corn starch

g.     Different types of perfumes (peppermint, rose, flora, cinnamon, topaz)



3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

a. The beeswax and the cocoa butter are heated until they have just melted. Then, the coconut, silicone, and vitamin E oils are added.

b. When all the oils and fats have melted, the essential oils/perfumes are added.

c. Using a hand mixer, the corn starch is mixed in until homogenous.

d. The molten mixture is poured into the container and allowed to cool until it hardens.



Formulation 1: Peppermint



INGREDIENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
WEIGHT (g)
Beeswax
20
4
Cocoa butter
30
6
Coconut oil
30
6
Silicone oil
3
0.6
Vitamin E oil
2
0.4
Corn starch
12
2.4
Perfume (Peppermint)
2
3 drops




Formulation 2: Rose

INGREDIENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
WEIGHT (g)
Beeswax
20
4
Cocoa butter
30
6
Coconut oil
30
6
Silicone oil
3
0.6
Vitamin E oil
2
0.4
Corn starch
12
2.4
Perfume (rose)
2
3 drops



Formulation 3: Flora

INGREDIENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
WEIGHT (g)
Beeswax
20
4
Cocoa butter
30
6
Coconut oil
30
6
Silicone oil
3
0.6
Vitamin E oil
2
0.4
Corn starch
12
2.4
Perfume (flora)
2
3 drops



Formulation 4: Cinnamon

INGREDIENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
WEIGHT (g)
Beeswax
20
4
Cocoa butter
30
6
Coconut oil
30
6
Silicone oil
3
0.6
Vitamin E oil
2
0.4
Corn starch
12
2.4
Perfume (cinnamon)
2
3 drops



Formulation 5: Topaz

INGREDIENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
WEIGHT (g)
Beeswax
20
4
Cocoa butter
30
6
Coconut oil
30
6
Silicone oil
3
0.6
Vitamin E oil
2
0.4
Corn starch
12
2.4
Perfume (Topaz)
2
3 drops



4.0 Result

All of the products were tested by the group members. A simple questionnaire were designed and used to evaluate the product effectiveness and any irritation towards the fragrance used in the formulation is also noted. The following are the result from the questionnaire.



1. The ability (in hour) of the deodorant to mask the unpleasant underarm odour.

Answer
Peppermint
Rose
Flora
Cinnamon
Topaz
1-3 hours





4-6 hours
✔️
✔️

✔️

7-9 hours


✔️

✔️



2. The comfort felt upon application on the underarm.

Answer
Peppermint
Rose
Flora
Cinnamon
Topaz
Yes
✔️
✔️
✔️
✔️
✔️
No








3. The ability of causing irritation towards consumer underarms.

Answer
Peppermint
Rose
Flora
Cinnamon
Topaz
Yes





No
✔️
✔️
✔️
✔️
✔️



4. The most fragrance that can masked body odour.

Answer
Peppermint
Rose
Flora
Cinnamon
Topaz
Yes
✔️

✔️

✔️



5. Most preferable deodorant among those five tested.

Answer
Peppermint
Rose
Flora
Cinnamon
Topaz
Yes


✔️







5.0 Discussion

   We wear deodorant and antiperspirant for two specific reasons which is to stop sweat and prevent body odour. Deodorant was created to comfort body odour meanwhile antiperspirant protect body against wetness. Antiperspirants are usually deodorants impede the production of perspiration. We can differentiate both products based on their ingredients. Where, if the product contains any form of aluminium, it’s an antiperspirant.

   Based on result above, there is 5 differences formulations of deodorants. Where each of the formulation have different kind of fragrances.  Each ingredient in this experiment has difference function. These are the ingredients and the functions for each ingredient for our deodorant formulation:

Ingredient
Function
Beeswax
Act as emulsifying agent (hardening the deodorant)
Cocoa butter
Act as emollient
Coconut oil
Act as skin conditioning agent
Silicone oil
Act as soothing agent, water binding agent.
Vitamin E oil
Act anti-oxidants
Corn starch
Act as viscosity increasing agent
Perfume
Act as fragrance


   The main use of cosmetics product to provide safety, improve appearances and benefit to external part of the body. Deodorant 1, deodorant 2, deodorant 3, deodorant 4, deodorant 5 have different fragrances. They show different kind of odour. The fragrances that used in this experiment is topaz, peppermint, flora, citrus and rose respectively.

Based on the result from the experiment, flora and topaz deodorants have the ability to mask the unpleasant odour longer which 7-9 hours compared to the other three fragrances that resulted in 4-6 hours of masking the odour. All five deodorants with five different fragrances gave comfort felt upon application on the underarm due to the suitable proportion of each ingredients used that give excellent hardness and stability to the products. They are also safe to use without causing any irritation towards underarm of the consumers. This is because all the ingredients were used in appropriate amount that can avoid any adverse side effects. The most fragrances that can mask body odour were obviously those that give strong and sharp smell which are peppermint, flora and topaz. From the results above, the most preferable deodorant among those five tested are topaz that give positive results for all the tests.

To summarize from the experiment, it shows that a good deodorant are able to retained fresh odour in a long period of time by killing the bacteria. Therefore, less sweat and less bacteria that can create an unpleasant odour. Next, a good deodorant will give comfort upon application and does not cause any rashes and irritation underarm. A friendly deodorant should not contain any harmful ingredients which may cause short or long term side effects. Lastly, with a perfect choice of fragrance will help to stay fresh and feel comfortable all day long.

From the experiment, it shows that a good deodorant are able to retained fresh odour in a long period of time by killing the bacteria. Therefore, less sweat produced and less bacteria on skin that can create an unpleasant odour. Next, a good deodorant will give comfort upon application and does not cause any rashes and irritation underarm. A friendly deodorant should not contain any harmful ingredients which may cause short or long term side effects. Lastly, with a perfect choice of fragrance will help to stay fresh and feel comfortable.


6.0 Conclusion

Beeswax, cocoa butter, coconut oil and silicon oil are used to give the deodorant effect in which for them to stay at body part and mask body odour. Vitamin E oil act as anti-oxidant in the deodorant while corn starch to give good physical appearance as a solid so that it can be roll-on. Perfumes are varied to give different sensation for the consumers.

The proportion for each ingredient was unchanged as the formula give excellent hardness for the user to apply the product. Different type of essential oil and perfumes give different smell for each product according to consumer preferences.

The stability of the roll-on deodorant was satisfying because it is reasonable stable as it is solid. The product was estimated to have 12 month of stability as it hardly oxidise and be contaminated.



7.0 References

1. Ramanjireddy, T. 2014. Cosmetics.

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/rmnjrddy-1627116-cosmetics-shampoos-haircolorants-deodorants/ [28 December 2014]

      2.  More, D. 2014. Deodorant and Antiperspirant Allergy.

http://allergies.about.com/od/contactdermatitis/a/Deodorant-And-Antiperspirant-Allergy.htm [16 December 2014]

3.   André, O. B., Marc, P. & Howard, I. M. 2014. Handbook of Cosmetic Science and

Technology. Fourth Edition. New York: CRC Press.

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